Онлайн-школа иностранных языков «Европейское Образование»

must

- выражает мнение человека (то, что важно для него самого):

I must feed my baby.

have to

- относится к законам и правилам (давление внешних обстоятельств):

I have to wear a uniform.

need to

- обозначает то же самое, что и have to (необходимость выполнения того или иного действия):

*В отличие от must, have to употребляется во всех временах:

She is having to travel by bus instead.

can/could (past)

- физическая способность выполнять то или иное действие:

I can walk, speak…

I could play the guitar when I was 15.

- чтобы попросить разрешение сделать что-либо:

Can I come in.

Could I come in (more polite).

- выражает запрет:

You can’t come in.

be able to

- предполагает преодоление каких-либо трудностей:

He was able to finish the race although it was very difficult.

She wasn’t able to play the piano because her hand hurt.

-для действий, которые человек сможет выполнить в будущем (но не сейчас):

If she studies now, she’ll be able to pass her exam successfully.

should

- используется для дружеского совета:

You should talk to them.

ought to

- имеет то же значение, что и should, но является более формальным:

You ought to speak to them.

Уверенность (certainty negative)

Уверенность (certainty positive)

Возможность (possibility)

Вероятность (probability)

Present:

She can’t be there.

She couldn’t be there.

(It’s impossible because she is here with me)

Past:

She can’t have been there.

She couldn’t have been there.

 She must be there now.

She must be there.

(I’m certain)

She must have been there.

She may be there.

She could be there.

(I’m not sure)

She will be there.

She should/ought to be there.

(She left two hours ago)

will

- выражает высокую вероятность в чем-либо:

That’ll be Paul on the phone – he said he’d call.

must

- выражает полную уверенность:

He must be stuck in traffic jam – that’s the only possibility.

Использование

Пример

- дать совет:

(giving advice)

- попросить о чем-либо:

(making request)

- дать разрешение (либо запретить):

(giving and refusing permission)

- попросить совет

(asking for advise)

- пожаловаться

(complaining)

- предложить что-либо

(make offer)

- предположить что-либо

(making suggestion)

You should ask your teacher.

You should have asked you teacher

You ought to ask your teacher.

You ought to have asked your teacher

Can I ask you to help me?

Could I ask to help me?

May I come in (polite)?

Would you bring me a cup of tea?

You can use my book.

You can’t use my dictionary.

Could I come in?

You may leave your data (formal)

Shall I go now or wait a little?

Should we accept the offer?

You shouldn’t have gone there without my permission.

You could at least have asked me before taking money.

You ought to have paid out debts.

Shall I help you with you bags?

Can I give you a hand with you luggage?

Would you like me to help you?

Shall we go out?

We can go to the cinema tonight.

We could go to the cinema tonight

(less definite).